Surgical Infections
Despite a decade of patient safety efforts, surgical adverse event rates remain unacceptably high, often due to violence, accidents, and weapon-related injuries. Patient safety is a global concern, but current surgical standards lack specialization. To improve safety, surgical environments should adopt a high-reliability organization approach with standardized protocols and redundancy systems.
Surgery raises unique ethical concerns, and the managed-care system poses challenges to surgeons' professional commitment, affecting coverage, care quality, and clinical decision-making flexibility.